The liver, the largest digestive gland in the human body, plays a crucial role in physiological processes such as metabolism, detoxification, protein synthesis, and immune defense. However, liver dysfunction can lead to various health complications. Below, we discuss the main liver diseases and the potential of astaxanthin as a protective agent.
Main Liver Diseases
1. Liver Fibrosis
Liver fibrosis involves the excessive accumulation of extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins, primarily collagen, which disrupts the liver's normal structure and function. This condition can progress to cirrhosis.
- Key factors: Activation of hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) and their transformation into myofibroblasts, responsible for ECM production.
- Role of astaxanthin: Inhibits the TGF-β/Smads pathway, reducing excessive ECM formation and preventing the progression of fibrosis.
2. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD)
NAFLD encompasses a spectrum of liver conditions characterized by the accumulation of fat in the liver, unrelated to excessive alcohol consumption.
- Range of conditions: From simple steatosis (fatty liver) to nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), a more severe form with inflammation and potential liver damage.
- Factors involved: Insulin resistance, oxidative stress, inflammatory mediators and cytokines.
3. Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC)
HCC is the most common type of primary liver cancer, accounting for 70% to 90% of cases.
- Origin: It develops from hepatocytes, the main functional cells of the liver.
- Associated pathways: Including MAPK , PI3K/Akt/mTOR , JAK/STAT , Wnt/β-catenin , NrF2/ARE and VEGF .
4. Other Liver Diseases
- Alcoholic Liver Disease: Caused by excessive alcohol consumption, which can lead to fatty liver, alcoholic hepatitis, and cirrhosis.
- Drug-Induced Liver Injury: Some medications can damage the liver, as this is the main site of drug metabolism.
- Liver Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury: Occurs when blood flow to the liver is interrupted and then restored, causing damage from oxidative stress and inflammation.
The Role of Astaxanthin in Liver Health
Astaxanthin, a natural antioxidant, has been shown to be a potential therapeutic agent for various liver diseases due to the following mechanisms:
- Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity: Neutralizes free radicals, reduces oxidative stress and suppresses inflammatory responses in the liver.
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Modulation of signaling pathways: Regulates key pathways associated with liver diseases:
- TGF-β/Smads in fibrosis.
- PPARs in NAFLD.
- JAK/STAT3 , NF-κB and Wnt/β-catenin in liver cancer.
Conclusion
Astaxanthin shows great potential as a natural therapeutic agent to promote liver health and protect against various liver diseases.
At Sevens, we embrace the power of natural antioxidants like astaxanthin to support the overall well-being and health of your vital organs. Ready to take care of your liver naturally? Discover more with us!