Neuroinflammation is a complex biological response involving the activation of immune cells in the central nervous system (CNS), primarily microglia, in response to stimuli such as infection, injury, or aging. Although acute neuroinflammation plays a role in tissue repair and defense against pathogens, chronic inflammation is detrimental and contributes to the development of neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, and multiple sclerosis.
The Role of Neuroinflammation in Neurodegeneration
During inflammatory processes in the brain:
- Activated microglia release proinflammatory cytokines , chemokines, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) .
- These molecules damage neurons, affecting their function and contributing to progressive degeneration.
- Chronic activation of microglia maintains a sustained inflammatory state, exacerbating neuronal damage.
Signaling Pathways Involved in Neuroinflammation
Several signaling pathways play a key role in neuroinflammation:
- NF-κB pathway: Central regulator of inflammation. Its activation leads to the transcription of genes encoding proinflammatory mediators, amplifying the inflammatory response.
- MAPK pathways: These include ERK1/2 , JNK , and p38 , which are involved in responses to cellular stress and inflammation.
- JAK-STAT pathway: Involved in cytokine signaling and chronic inflammation.
Factors Contributing to Chronic Neuroinflammation with Age
With aging, factors that promote a sustained inflammatory state in the brain increase, including:
- Increased permeability of the blood-brain barrier (BBB): Allows entry of peripheral immune cells and pro-inflammatory molecules into the CNS.
- Age-related changes in microglia: They adopt a "primed" state, characterized by increased sensitivity to stimuli and exaggerated inflammatory responses.
- Accumulation of oxidative stress: Triggers and maintains neuroinflammation.
- Immune dysregulation: Leads to a chronic inflammatory state.
Astaxanthin as a Neuroprotective Agent
Astaxanthin , with its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, has emerged as a promising agent for counteracting neuroinflammation. Its ability to cross the blood-brain barrier allows it to act directly on brain cells and modulate inflammatory processes.
Mechanisms of Action of Astaxanthin
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Suppression of Microglia Activation:
- Inhibits the production of proinflammatory cytokines such as IL-1β , IL-6 and TNF-α .
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Inhibition of the NF-κB Pathway:
- It blocks this pathway, suppressing the transcription of inflammatory genes.
- Prevents phosphorylation and nuclear translocation of NF-κB subunits.
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Modulation of Other Inflammatory Pathways:
- It influences the MAPK and JAK-STAT pathways, reducing their contribution to inflammation.
Therapeutic Potential of Astaxanthin
Astaxanthin's ability to act on multiple inflammatory pathways positions it as a promising agent for mitigating the negative effects of chronic neuroinflammation, especially in age-related neurodegenerative diseases.
Preclinical Evidence:
Studies in animal models have demonstrated the neuroprotective effects of astaxanthin in disorders such as:
- Alzheimer's disease.
- Parkinson's disease.
- Stroke.
While preclinical research has highlighted astaxanthin's potential to counteract neuroinflammation and protect against neurodegenerative diseases, human clinical trials are needed to validate its therapeutic benefits.
At Sevens , we believe in astaxanthin as a natural resource that not only protects the brain but also promotes healthy aging. Discover how this powerful antioxidant can help you take care of your brain health and maintain your well-being over time.